Showing 560 results for Ti
Fotoohi B., No Parast M., Oliazadeh M.,
Volume 1, Issue 4 (12-2004)
Abstract
Gold deposits are varied regarding their geological and geochemical settings. Hence,their processing methods must be best organized for achieving the desired recovery of preciousmetals. In this research, two types of hard-rock gold ores, each with specific characteristics fromKouh-zar region (south of Damghan city) were subjected to mineral processing tests at thelaboratory scale. The reference (head) samples of both veins contained on average 3.5-4.5 ppmgold. According to mineralogical investigations no observable gold particles reported even inSEM analyses except for rare over-micrometer gold particles locked in the silica matrix.Therefore, the major (invisible) gold supposed to exist in sulfides" crystal structure. Flotationapplied to recover the gold interlocked within sulfides. The highest grades achieved were 49.2ppm @ R=77.61% for Baghu samples and 57.0 ppm @ R=61.00% for Darestan samples gold inthe sulfide concentrates. In the cyanidation diagnostic tests the optimum conditions of pH,particle size, cyanide concentration and leaching time were determined for both ores. High goldrecoveries (> 95%) were achievable for Baghu samples for the pH conditions between 10.5 and11, and cyanide and hydrated lime consumptions of 0.6 and 2.5 grams per kilogram of orerespectively. As it had been expected, direct cyanidation of Darestan samples (containing up to1.5% copper), couldn"t be established as an efficient procedure (due to cyanide consumption ofabout 20 times higher than for Baghu tests to achieve similar recoveries) and the preliminarycopper removal phase was determined as a necessity for better recovery of gold.
Akbar Zadeh A., Salari M.,
Volume 1, Issue 4 (12-2004)
Abstract
AA3004 alloy is widely used in can making. The major concern in the production of canbodies is earing, which develop by high planar anisotropy of rolled sheet. Balance ofrecrystallisation and rolling textures together with a uniform and fine grain microstructure canminimize the earing. The effects of finish rolling temperature (FRT) on planar anisotropy,microstructure, texture development and mechanical properties of sheet have been analyzedIncreasing the FRT resulted in promotion of cube and G texture in hot rolled sheet. Lower |ΔR| ofthe final sheet with higher FRY, i.e. the lower planar anisotropy, is accompained with a balance ofrolling and recrystallisation orientations.
Mirfakhraee B., Eshraghi H., Sar Poulaki H.,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2005)
Abstract
Effect of MgO addition on reaction sintering of aluminium titanate was investigated using equimolar Al2O3 and TiO2 after firing the samples at 1400 C for four hours. Results showed that MgO addition enhanced the sintering process by magnesium aluminates formation, which led to lower porosity and improved densification of the samples. Physical and mechanical properties showed that samples containing 5 wt% MgO was the optimum composition.
Yahosseini M.r.s., Simchi A., Varahram N., Davami P.,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2005)
Abstract
In the present work, a model was proposed to predict the thermal history during rapid solidification (RS) of metal droplets in the gas atomization process. The classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation was based on Newtonian heat flow and enthalpy method. Solving the governing numerical equations by the finite difference method (FDM) gave up the opportunity of analyzing the temperature-time history of the droplets during cooling in the RS process. Here, cooling in the liquid state, nucleation and recalescence, segregated solidification, eutectic solidification and cooling in the solid state were considered. To verify the model, the gas atomization of Al-4.5% Cu alloy was studied and the results were compared with the Shukla's model [1]. Convincing agreement was obtained between the predicted undercoolings and the experimental results reported previously.
Pakshir M., Amini R.,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2005)
Abstract
Anodes are critical component of cathodic protection systems. As part of this effort, three different anodes were tested in a cathodic protection system that was designed and constructed to prevent further corrosion of reinforced concrete. This anodic system includes an electrically conductive coating composition applied in fluid form over an outer surface of the concrete mix. The composition further includes a predetermined amount of electrically conductive carbon material (coke, carbon black, graphite) uniformly distributed in the epoxy resin (as a binder) whereby the coating composition has a predetermined value of resistively. This investigation attempts to find the best type and optimum content of conductive carbon filler in poxy coating, to ensure optimal anode working parameters for marine environments (basically marine and sewer environments) and if any of the coating systems tested in this study excel over the other. In this study, electric and electrochemical parameters of three layer (with average coating thickness of 300µm) coke-epoxy, carbon black-epoxy and graphite-epoxy conducting paints (with different amount of filler) have been determined during long-term anodic polarization (70 days) in a seawater solution. During this test, on the basis of impedance measurements, the electrical resistances of these coatings have been calculated every 14 days. if conductive paints exhibit good electric and electrochemical stability, they will be attractive for cathodic protection of reinforced concrete.
Kharazi Y.h.k., Divandari M.,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2005)
Abstract
The mold-filling behavior in the casting of aluminum alloy (A413) using lost foam casting (LFC) was explored. The effects of gate numbers, type of gating and casting thickness on the filling behavior were evaluated. Although, unlike convectional casting process, the gating system showed little effect onfilling ability, casting thickness created a greater effect on the mold filling. In contrast with convectional casting process, the mold filling seems to be controlled by castinggeometry as a consequence of combined influence of heat and mass transfer. The melt used to enter from the first gate instead of last gate which is in contrast with convectional casting process.
Eftekhari-Yekta B., Marghussian V.k.,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2005)
Abstract
The effect of precipitation of ?.qss. and gahnite phases during heat treatment of glass frits in the ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 system on the mechanical property of resulting glass-ceramic specimens were investigated. It was shown that gahnite glass-ceramics had higher bend strength and toughness values than ?.qss. ones. The results are attributed to the higher modulus of elasticity as well as higher thermal expansion coefficient of gahnite relative to the residual glass phase.
Morakabati M., Arabi H., Mirdamadi Sh., Abbasi S.m.,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2005)
Abstract
This study was launched to investigate the effects of heating rate and aging parameters on the kinetic of precipitation reactions in a high alloy high strength steel having Ni, Co, Mo and Ti. For this purpose, as quenched specimens were subjected to three types of aging methods with different heating rates. These methods consisted of aging in Pb bath, salt bath, and furnace at different aging cycles. The kinetic of precipitation in each method was studied by hardness measurements and was described adequately by the Johnson-mehl-Avrami equation. Remarkable increase in hardness and its rate is observed when the rate of heating increases. The substantial increase in hardness of the specimens aged rapidly in salt & Pb baths, compared with those aged normally in furnace, seemed to be due to the formation of thermo elastic stresses during sudden expansion of the substance subjected to rapid heating. According to the results obtained in this research, increase in the Avrami constants, n & k, and decrease in the start time of transformation, ts, are associated with heating rate increasing. Analysis of the observed and calculated data for hardness using Arrhenius equation, shows that for the same amount of volume fraction of precipitates, the activation energy of precipitates decreased for f=25 and 50%, while at f=90 % it increased by increasing heating rate.
Ghobeiti Hasab M., Seyyed Ebrahimi S.a., Badaee A.,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2005)
Abstract
In this research the sol-gel auto-combustion method was used to prepare strontium hexaferrite nanopowder. A solution of distilled water, ferric and strontium nitrates, citric acid, trimethylamine, and n-decyltrimethylammonium bromide cationic surfactant, was heated to form a viscous gel. The gel was heated and then ignited automatically. As-burnt powder was calcined at temperatures from 700 to 900?C in air to obtain SrO.6Fe2O3 phase. The influence of the calcination temperature on the phase composition of the products has been investigated. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of single-phase strontium hexaferrite nanopowder at temperature of 800?C.
Nojehdehyan H., Moztar Zadeh F., Mir Zadeh Hamid, Hesaraki S., Keyanpour-Rad M.,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2005)
Abstract
The effect of addition of NaHF2 on the cement setting and the set mass has been studied as an initial step to determine how fluoride influences the characteristics of a calcium phosphate cement, consisting of tetracalcium phosphate [TTCP:Ca4 (PO4)2O] and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate [DCPD:CaHPO4.2H2O].NaHF2 [0-10% wt% of powder phase] has been dissolved in double distilled water and used as the liquid phase of the apatite cement (AC). Powder X-ray diffraction analysis and FTIR measurements revealed that fluoride was necessary in promoting the formation of the apatite phase. The setting time was decreased significantly by the addition of NaHF2from 0% to 6%, but increased resulted in the AC (8-10%). The set AC (2%) has the highest compressive strength and the lowest porosity.The dissolution rate of set AC in weak acid, pH 5.5, was decreased with the amount of added NaHF2 from 0% to 6% but increased in the set AC 8-10%.The formation of fluoroapatite in AC (6%) was provided the low solubility and good acid resistance which is necessary for dental application.SEM observation showed needle-like apatite crystal growth over particulate matrix surface, however the amount of non-reactive TTCP or DCPD particles decreased by the addition of NaHF2. The Ca/P ratio, which was determined by EDAX, increased significantly with the addition of NaHF2.
Chandler H.w.,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2005)
Abstract
Being brittle and having low thermal conductivity, refractories suffer damage and sometimes fail in service as a result of thermal shock. While the approach of those making fine-grained technical ceramics is to make their products sufficiently strong to withstand thermal stresses the refractory technologist is more cunning. He uses, often little known, devices to provide resistance to thermal shock that minimise but do not eliminate damage to the component. In this paper the basic equations of thermal conduction and elasticity are presented and followed by some immediate results that should guide the designer of components subject to severe thermal environments. The influence of size and shape of the refractory components is then discussed along with ways in which refractory producers can engineer the thermal and mechanical properties. In particular, the methods used to tailor fracture behavior to optimize the thermal shock resistance are treated in some detail.
Razaghian A., Yu D., Chandra T.,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
Fracture behavior of a 7075 aluminium alloy reinforced with 15 Vol%. SiC particles was studied after T6 and annealing heat treatments under uniaxial tensile loading at room temperature. The scanning electron microscopy of fractured surfaces and EDS analysis showed:, that fracture mechanism changed from due mainly to fractured particle in T6 condition to interface decohesion in samples in annealed state. Different fracture mechanisms in annealed and T6 conditions can be ascribed mainly to the significant difference in the stress concentration levels around the particles. In T6 condition, very high local stress sufficient to cause fracture of particle can be generated during loading, while the presence of large precipitates at the particle/matrix interface produced interface decohesion leading to final fracture in the annealed state.
Fatemi-Varzaneh S.m., Zarei-Hanzaki A.,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
AZ31 magnesium alloy is considered as a promising alloy in various applications and industries. Furthermore, to design a proper hot working process (rolling, forging and extrusion), the assessment of hot working behaviour of the alloy is necessary. Accordingly, the hot deformation behaviour of AZ31 alloy was studied through hot compression testing method This was carried out in a wide range of temperature (523K to 783K) and strain rates. The obtained true stress-true strain curves and final microstructures were examined and a partial melting was realized at 740K. It was concluded that the presence of liquid did change the deformation mechanisms thereby affecting the flow behaviour.
Mirbagheri S.m.h., Chirazi A.,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
A numerical model has been developed for the determination of liquid flow permeability through columnar dendrite during growth. The model is inclusive two stages, first numerical evolution of the dendrite shape during growth, and second numerical determination of the interdendritic liquid permeability. Simulation results shown which solute concentration by evolution of dendrite shape could result to reduction of the permeability during solidification time. Comparison between the experimental data from other authors and the present numerical model data, for the low and high solid fractions, has shown a good agreement rather than current numerical models. Therefore present permeability model, in this investigation, could be used for all of the micro solidification codes by coupling on the segregation and the Fick's equations in domain of the inter-dendritic liquid for mushy alloys.
Sedghi A., Shokouh Far A., Eslami Farsani R.,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
Carbon fibers are fabricated from different materials such as special polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers, cellulose fibers and pitch. But PAN fibers are recognized as the most widely used precursor for the present-day manufacture of carbon fibers. The process of fabrication carbon fibers from special PAN fibers is composed of two steps including oxidative stabilization at low temperature and carbonization at high temperatures in an inert atmosphere. Today carbon fibers are still expensive because of the high price of their raw material (special PAN fibers).This study focuses on making carbon fibers from commercial PAN fibers (low price PAN fibers used in textile industry). The results shows that in case of conducting complete stabilization process, it is possible to produce desirable carbon fibers from commercial PAN fibers. With some changes in conventional procedure of stabilization in terms of temperature and time of operation, the desirable conditions of complete stabilization are achieved.
Moayed M.h.,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
In this research pitting Corrosion of a sensitized 316 stainless steel was investigated employing potentiodynamic, potentiostatic techniques. Sensitization process was carried out on as-received alloy by submitting the specimen in electric furnace set at 650°Cfor five hours and then the specimen was quenched 25°C water. Potentiodynamic polarization of as received and sensitized specimens in 1M H2SO4 solution at room temperature and 70°C clearly revealed that the sensitization process has caused a magnificent change on electrochemical behavior of the specimen by changing critical current density for passivation, passivation potential and passive current density. Optical microscopy examination of the specimen surface after oxalic acid electrochemical etching also showed the deterioration of grain boundary of sensitized specimen due to chromium carbide precipitation in compared to as-received one. Several anodic potentiodynamic polarization on rode shaped working electrodes prepared from as-received and sensitized specimen in 3.5% NaCl test solution proved an average ~220 mV drop in pitting potential due to sensitization. Anodic potentiostatic polarization at 400 and 200 mV above corrosion potential also demonstrate the deterioration of pitting resistance of alloy as a result of sensitization. Scanning electron microscopy examination of anodically polarized of sensitized specimen at 700mVprior and after oxalic acid etching revealed large stable pits with lacy cover and also openpits with deep crevice for etched specimens.
Estili M., Paydar M.h., Bahrololoom M.e.,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
Dispersion and rheological behaviors of ionically stabilized aqueous alpha alumina suspensions were investigated in various pH values (3, 11) and solid volume fractions (4, 7, 10, 15) Vol% using sedimentation experiment as well as viscosity measurement. Interface separating porous-packed sediment from a relatively clear supernatant at pH 11 was measured over 20 hours with the aim of obtaining linearity range, initial settling velocity, final sediment height and suspension sensitivity factor, whilst it failed to be observed in the case of pH 3 for its turbid supernatant. Thus, the final sediment level instead of interface location was taken into consideration. For all solids loading, final sediment level in the case of pH 3 was smaller than those in pH 11. The interface was observed to be moving downward in a linear fashion, with the steady drive toward an equilibrium state, which was substantiated to be pH and solid loading dependent. As ? increased, linearity time changed in an ascending order. pH 11 suspensions showed good agreement with the well-known Richardson-Zaki equation and displayed dramatic variations in initial settling velocity, whilst it was not the case for pH 3 as understood generally by turbidity observations. In addition, pH and ? appeared to be more effective in giving stability to the suspending systems. On the other hand, rheological behaviors of these suspensions were taken into consideration for better indication of suspension stabilization degree in which suspension yield stress derived using viscosity values was focused. The results showed that ?y at pH 3 is much lower than that of at pH 11. This is a further indication of better dispersion at pH 3. It was also found that for all ? values, pH 3 suspensions were more stable than the flocculated pH 11 ones.
Zhang S.,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
Hydration behavior and antioxidising effect of aluminium (AI) powder has been investigated. Bayerite Al (OH) 3 product layers formed on Al in pure water at 25-45°C were porous, so the hydration rate, although very slow at 25°C, increased rapidly with increasing temperature from 25 to 45°C. On further increasing temperature from 45 to 95°C, initial hydration rate increased, but changed little over long hydration periods due to formation of denser and more continuous product layers. At 100?C, due to rapid water-evaporation, hydration product layers (composed of Al (OH)3 and a small amount of boehmite AlO (OH) became detached from the Al surfaces, so offering less protection, so that the hydration rate of Al increased markedly. The presence of MgO or calcium aluminate cement (CAC) in water did not change the hydration product, but greatly accelerate the hydration rate of AI. Addition of even a small amount (e.g. 0.25 wt% of Al amount) of MgO or CAC to water accelerated significantly the hydration of Al, and with increasing level of MgO or CAC, the hydration extent increased markedly. Sol-gel Si02 coatings on Al were useful in improving the hydration resistance of Al, and did not have a negative effect on the behavior of Al as an antioxidant.
Homayonifar P., Saboohi Y., Firouz Abadi B.,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2005)
Abstract
Iron and steel is an energy intensive industry and its contribution to the pollution of environment is considerable. Direct reduction iron (DRI) is a major element of an iron and steel production plant. Its share in natural gas and electricity consumption of total plant is estimated to be 70% and 15% respectively. Reduction gases are produced in natural gas reforming unit and its elements are CO and H2. A major consequence of using this technology is high level of CO2 emission, which pollutes the environment. An alternative to the existing technology is utilization of H2 as reducing agent. A comparison of various hydrogen production processes indicate that thermal decomposition of methane provides an attractive option from economical and technical point of view. Therefore, a system for producing hydrogen, based on thermal decomposition technique, has been designed in the framework of the present paper.
Arabi H., Seyedein S.h., Satari M., Tabatabaie N.,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2005)
Abstract
Life assessment on the base of grain boundary creep cavitation of 1%Cr - 0.5%Mo low alloy steel has been discussed in this paper. Since microstructural degradation is one of the most important mechanisms that affects creep life, it is necessary to assess microstructural damage in order to estimate the life. Microstructural damage within the grain boundaries is a continuous phenomena starting from about the beginning of secondary stage of creep process. In this research, the amounts of damage accumulation in the form of grain boundary cavitations for various creep times up to the ends of secondary creep stage for each creep condition was found by using quantitative metallography technique, i.e. image analyser. Then from the data obtained for grain boundary area cavitated and number of cavities per unit area, which was about linear as a function of time for each of creep conditions, the amount of damage in the tertiary stage was estimated for various times. Then a creep damage parameter was proposed for the creep process. Finally, having this damage parameter (?) and using continuum damage mechanics (CDM), a new version of Rabotnov-Kachanov equation for tertiary creep rate was established.
